Three quarters of a century ago C.S. Lewis wrote The Four Loves, a book that has been quite popular in Christian circles over many decades of the 20th century. Lewis suggested that there are four different kinds of love, three of them decidedly biblical and the fourth implicitly biblical. He suggested that there is empathy, friendship, romance, and godly love. Lewis identified the (biblical) Greek words for each of these (although eros, romance, is not strictly used in the Bible). Lewis suggested that we need all of these loves, and centered on godly love (the Greek word is agape), which we might consider to be sacrificial love.
More recently, Gary Chapman wrote The Five Love Languages that has been quite popular in the current century. Chapman suggests that these five “long languages” are words (of affection), (quality) time, physical (touch), (acts of) service, and (receiving) gifts. This understanding of love has been a valuable addition to the understanding of love.
I presently want to suggest yet another way of looking at different kinds of love, namely the kinds of love associated with what we call “temperament.” Deb and I are fast finishing our latest book, tentatively entitled, A Family of Temperaments that we briefly summarized in I Want to Tell You How I Feel. We suggest that among many other valuable ways of understanding differences of personality, we can roughly suggest that people fall into one of four temperaments: caretaker, lover, analyst, and player. Hence:
- Caretakers take care of property and hence bring safety to the world.
- Lovers seek connections with people and hence bring sacrifice to the world.
- Analysts seek meaning and hence bring understanding to the world.
- Players seek experience and hence bring joy to the world.
It is important to note that no two people are alike, that no one falls purely and completely into one of these four temperaments, most people have a combination of one primary temperament augmented by elements of another temperament, and that all people have at least some elements of all four temperaments. Now, let’s examine how people who have a particular temperament display love and want to be loved.
Basic characteristics of temperament-based love
Caretakers’ love
Caretakers’ orientation is towards property, namely the care of property, the protection of property, the effective use of property, and the improvement of property. As a result, they love property more than anything else. This is a hard thing to say, to hear, or to believe. And it is even harder to respect by people who do not have this kind of love.
Think of it this way: caretakers see the need to take care of the world, namely the physical world. C.S. Lewis suggested four biblical loved, but we might also look at Genesis, Chapter 1 where Adam and Eve were charged with “caring for the world,” perhaps as an act of love. This physical part of the world could be manmade or natural. Some caretakers are very interested in the environment and enjoy taking care of the environment. My neighbor, Luke, works directly in the field of environmental protection and enhancement, and it seems that he is at his very best when he is taking care of the Ice Age Trail in Wisconsin. My other neighbor, Lonnie, is a tradesman by nature and takes care of manmade property. His work on the roof of our house, the roof of Deb’s greenhouse, the chimney of our house, and many windows of our house is just one way he has loved. But what has he loved? He has loved the careful use of property. Interestingly, we might say that both Lonnie and Luke are loving humanity, but the way they love humanity is to take care of physical property, one with manmade property, the other with the property of nature.
Note that many people engage in this kind of love, namely the care and effective use of property. We have many other forms of this caretaking nature. I know of someone who really enjoys restoring old cars, another man who really enjoys laying flooring, another who enjoys laying cement, and yet another who really enjoys helping people develop their bodies. I think all of these people would not easily say that they love property more than people, but in a sense, this is true, and in the larger sense, when they are loving property, they are loving people in their own way.
Lovers’ love
Love is a great part of all religions and certainly part of Christianity. Many churchgoers and those who have attended church weddings have heard the Apostle Paul’s statement of love in 1 Corinthians, Chapter 13: “love is patient and kind” among other things. Paul also says that love is a “gift,” in fact the “greatest of gifts” among many others.
Lovers seek connections with people. I sometimes suggest that lovers have an orientation that is “us first, you second, and I last.” This means that lovers are always looking for some kind of “connection” with people, which might be said to be spiritual, but also emotional and very often physical. Lovers are at their best when they can simply love someone. They also tend to be “animal people,” namely loving and caring for animals, but I think the deepest of lovers who love animals then to love dogs. Consider the love that you cold pour out on a dog compared to the cat who might want not much more than a lap-sit for a moment.
It is important to note that we normally think of love as something that is towards people, or perhaps that the love of people is the best kind of love, but I think not. Indeed, all forms of love ultimately involve people, but the actual direction of love is not necessarily people as it is with lovers. Lovers are the very best when it comes to personal sacrifice. They are the most forgiving of all temperaments. They are often the most generous. Their generosity and personal sacrifice ingratiate themselves to people, but their desire is not ingratiation but the very act of loving people in the ways they do it: connecting. The connection they bring to people can enhance others’ lives as well as being restorative and healing.
Analysts’ love
Analysts love by being analytical. What does that mean? It means that they seek to understand the world so as to bring meaning to themselves as well as to the world. Many professions are intrinsically analytical, like science, math, philosophy, stock broking, psychology, and theology, but analysts come in all professions. When they are at their loving best, they look too understand how things work, these “things” being money, property, or people. Even ideas. Some analysts enjoy the understanding and ultimate meaning surrounding ideas themselves, like philosophers, theologians, and many analytical psychologists.
A good part of how analysts love the world (and people) is to identify possible problems in order to prevent them, and identify real problems and solve them. Hence, analysts are problem-oriented always looking to make the world a better place. And the world really needs analysts because these folks protect us from harm or damage.
There is another aspect of analysts’ love nature, which is simple love for information. While they seek to understand and find meaning, their actual operation is more in gathering enough information so that a real understanding cam come about, often by preventing or solving problems, but sometimes just for the fun of understanding how something works. They might ask someone who is a very different political or religious persuasion what that person to explain a philosophy or theology that is completely different from the analyst’s own theory just for the purposes of understanding how someone thinks.
Players’ love
Players’ love is experiential. They love to jump right into something and experience it, whatever the “it” is. This experiential is usually physical, but it can be intellectual or emotional, as these two elements of human interaction always erupt from experience. Players are at their best when they can love the world by being fully in it. This almost always means being physically involved in something. Originally, I conceived as players as excitement-oriented, but the more I have studied and thought about the phenomenon the more I have come to see that, while excitement is often a key ingredient and an addition to experience with players, they are not seeking excitement so much as they are experience.
Players naturally evolve into many trades or professions that are intrinsically physical, like the trades of plumbing and carpentry although most tradesmen are primarily caretakers, like my neighbor, Lonnie. More often, players seek experience in sports, music, other art forms, or some kind of physical involvement that is more experiential than productive. There is a lot more experience in a basketball than production. If we look at players who gravitate towards sports, we can see the joy that sports bring to them. Likewise, the same can be said of musicians and other artists. Sometimes this “play” is very serious as with the musician works diligently to find the exact means of performance, or perhaps construction of music. And there are players who are simply those who appreciate music so much that they can get lost in it.
Players’ experience-based nature is not limited to the trades, sports, and art. Players also love the experience of human interaction. Players play with people, not so much connect them as loves do or analyze them as analysts do. In all of these ways players love experience, whether with people or with things. They are enlivened by times when they can be fully engaged with something, someone, or some idea and allow these things to be a part of their various essence.
The challenges of temperament-based love
As you have read these lines, it is likely that you have seen some kind of danger in all these forms of love. Indeed, every temperament has a tendency to love the way they love to a fault, which means they love genuinely enough but their love causes problems. Let’s look at some.
Caretaker’s challenges in love
Note what caretakers see: they see things. Note what caretakers do: they do things. Note what they see: things. There is nothing wrong with what they see, what they do, and what they love. As with all temperaments, and all people, it is the seeing, doing, and loving to a fault that gets caretakers in trouble. This expression, “to a fault,” is one that we have used in our feelings book and in other publications. It means that someone does a basically good thing so much that it no longer is a good thing. Caretakers tend to get lost in their love of things and doings.
Caretakers love for property keeps them busy because there is always property to care for. Look around you and you will see all kinds of property. As I look out my office window, I see the parking lot, our house, a car, gardens, trees, and sidewalks, to say nothing of the things that I see beyond our property. A caretaker like me can see so much that he gets lost in the seeing. In my case everything I just mentioned needs some kind of work or it might need some kind of work. Furthermore, the very blog I am working on is a kind of “thing” that needs work. If I don’t watch out, I can get lost taking care of all these things. Then, I can be in trouble. First, I could be exhausted after I changed the oil in the car, cut the lawn, and all the rest of the things that are staring me in the face. Secondly, I could very easily…because of my love for the care of property…fail to love my wife, my family, my friends, and other people the way lovers do, to say nothing of loving ideas the way analysts do, or actually experience this beautiful day that God has provided for me. But enough about me. The caretakers I know tend to work too much, get tired frequently, become irritable (because of all the work they’re doing), and fail to take care of their bodies.
One final comment about caretakers: they can fall into taking care to a fault of people, get drained and get lost in the caretaking. Often they caretaking of people is the result of their doing too much work, but they can also “work” by listening too much, fixing too much, and hence failing to take care of their own needs.
Lovers’ challenges in love
So, how do lovers love to a fault? How is it possible for someone like a lover to love people too much? It is not the loving too much that lovers do, it is the things that they do that are not good for them. As I have said, lovers love people and tend to be generous, accepting, and sacrificial. Lovers slide from genuine giving to giving in. Giving in is not loving. I often say to the lovers who are in my office: give all you have; give your money, your time, your property; give your left arm if it seems right; give your life if it is right. But don’t give in. It is a slippery slope from giving to giving in, and lovers tend to slip too easily.
You can know when lovers give in: they get resentful and otherwise angry. It is a tragic sight to see lovers move from the beauty of sacrificial and beneficial love to the artificial love of giving in. They give in because they see that a friend needs something, often comfort, a listening ear, or an opportunity to stay overnight because the friend’s spouse is allegedly abusive. They want to love and they want to heal. Unfortunately, lovers can fall into, say, allowing the friend to overstay her welcome, like three nights instead of one, or three months or three years. I often see lover parents allowing their adult children to stay with them for months or years because their children have ruined their lives in some way and seemingly need someone to rescue them. More importantly, lovers tend to stay in relationships that are not good, not good for them, and ultimately not good for their partners because they have such a hard time setting limits and recognizing their own needs. When you see an unhappy lover, you are probably seeing someone who has given in so much and so often that he or she “can’t” get out of the relationship. Lovers tend to get lost in loving other people: this is the essence of having such a value on “us” that the “I” part of life has nearly disappeared.
Analysts’ challenges in love
Analysts love to a fault in two ways: gathering information and processing information. What does this mean? Analysts simply love information. They love learning and they love thinking about what they have learned. The problem that sometimes can be a challenge for lovers is that they mistakenly think that they can have all the information in the universe so that they are fully prepared for whatever action is necessary. Analysts often put things off, like decisions, because they are always gathering information. It is as if they believe that they can’t make a mistake if they only know everything. This is admirable and to some degree true, but it is not entirely true because you can never have all the information about anything. So analysts can become lost in the gathering of information, whether searching the internet, reading, asking authorities, or just observing the world around them. Caretakers see everything and want to preserve it or fix it. Analysts everything and are fascinated by what they see. Their love for information sometimes causes them to be impotent at actually using the information.
The second difficulty analysts have in loving ideas, information, and truth lies in their tendency to see what is wrong, or what could be wrong, and then speak about it. This tendency makes analysts look “critical.” While they take a critical look at things and people, they are not by nature critical as we normally use the term, much less mean-spirited. But because they always are on the lookout for what is wrong, they can appear critical. No one likes to be criticized, so when they speak of what is wrong with a friend’s toilet, that person might be offended more than informed of the problem. Furthermore, they tend to be quite open with their challenges, almost never meaning to be demeaning, but their comments about someone’s hair style, car, idea, or profession can easily be construed as mean-spirited. If you hear from your love one that you “are always critical and negative,” consider that you are not “critical and negative” but you appear that way to your loved one.
In addition to failing to decide in a reasonable amount of time and their tendency to appear to be critical, analysts are not the best at receiving criticism themselves. While it is difficult for anyone to receive correction and correction as noted above, it is quite hard for analysts to hear that they have made a mistake because they try so hard to do the right thing only after they have thought it over 100 times.
Players’ challenges in love
Players are perhaps the least self-reflective of the four temperaments. This is not a reflection on some kind of flaw they have in their character. Rather, they simply engage and experience so easily and so much that they don’t have a lot of time leftover to see what they have done that could have been untoward. Think of players often playing with everything. So, money is play money, property is a potential toy, people are playmates, and the world is a playground. Nothing wrong with all this experiencing, excitement, and playing because it is the way a player gives life to things and to people. The difficulty is that players tend to ignore the consequences of what they say or do because of the focus they have on the actual action itself.
Having raised a player myself, having had many player friends, many more player children in my practice, and having a good part of player in me, I can say that I am quite familiar with the joys and the sorrows of playing. I see many times how I hurt or harmed people out of my desire to experience life in some way. I have said things and done things with the best of intention but the effects have been harmful. In the best of times players love experience and want everyone else to love experience. They, like people of all temperaments, think that everyone else should be playing and experiencing life as a primary way of loving not giving credence to how others love. Have you frequently said, “I didn’t mean to do it,” “I didn’t know that would hurt you,” “I was just playing” and other such statements when something goes array? You may be a player. You have loved the experience to a fault without realizing the effect of the experience on others or on yourself.
Stay tuned. Next up:
- Love problems (emotions associated with love)
- Being lovable
- Love heals
- Not loved right